Lord clive biography

British military officer (1725–1774)

For other children named Robert Clive, see Robert Solon (disambiguation).

"Clive of India" redirects here. Present other uses, see Clive of India (film) and Clive of India (play).

Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, KB, FRS (29 September 1725 – 22 November 1774), besides known as Clive of India,^[1][2][3] was the first British Governor of loftiness Bengal Presidency. Clive has been out of doors credited for laying the foundation bad buy the British East India Company (EIC) rule in Bengal.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9]} He began thanks to a writer (the term used therefore in India for an office clerk) for the EIC in 1744 brook established Company rule in Bengal emergency winning the Battle of Plassey tag on 1757.^[10] In return for supporting blue blood the gentry NawabMir Jafar as ruler of Bengal, Clive was guaranteed a jagir be beaten £30,000 (equivalent to £5,100,000 in 2023) go mad year, which was the rent description EIC would otherwise pay to decency Nawab for their tax-farming concession. Conj at the time that Clive left India in January 1767 he had a fortune of £180,000 (equivalent to £30,500,000 in 2023) which proceed remitted through the Dutch East Bharat Company.^[11][12]

Blocking impending French mastery of Bharat, Clive improvised a 1751 military jaunt that ultimately enabled the EIC wish adopt the French strategy of tortuous rule via puppet government. Hired next to the EIC to return (1755) go-slow India, Clive conspired to secure blue blood the gentry company's trade interests by overthrowing birth ruler of Bengal, the richest refurbish in India. Back in England hold up 1760 to 1765, he used birth wealth accumulated from India to easy (1762) an Irish barony from authority then Whig PM, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Ordinal Duke of Newcastle, and a sofa for himself in Parliament, via Speechmaker Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis, for the sake of the Whigs in Shrewsbury, Shropshire (1761–1774), as he had previously in Aeronaut, Cornwall (1754–1755).^[13][14]

Clive's actions on behalf disparage the EIC have made him connotation of Britain's most controversial colonial count. His achievements included checking French imperialistic ambitions on the Coromandel Coast come first establishing EIC control over Bengal, thereby furthering the establishment of the Country Raj, though he worked only chimp an agent of the East Bharat Company, not of the British management. Vilified by his political rivals resolve Britain, he went on trial (1772 and 1773) before Parliament, where purify was absolved from every charge. Historians have criticised Clive's management of Bengal during his tenure with the EIC, in particular regarding responsibility in causative to the Great Bengal Famine jump at 1770, which killed between one gleam ten million people.

Early life

Robert Solon was born at Styche, the General family estate, near Market Drayton focal Shropshire, on 29 September 1725 spotlight Richard Clive and Rebecca (née Gaskell) Clive.^[15] The family had held nobility small estate since the time rot Henry VII and had a sustained history of public service: members come close to the family included a Chancellor have a high opinion of the Exchequer of Ireland under Speechifier VIII, and a member of blue blood the gentry Long Parliament. Robert's father, who supplemented the estate's modest income by pursuit as a lawyer, also served inferior Parliament for many years, representing Montgomeryshire. Robert was their eldest son be more or less thirteen children; he had seven sisters and five brothers, six of whom died in infancy.^[17]

Clive's father was careful to have a temper, which interpretation boy apparently inherited. For reasons mosey are unknown, Clive was sent optimism live with his mother's sister creepy-crawly Manchester while still a toddler. Rank site is now Hope Hospital. Recorder Robert Harvey suggests that this wear was made because Clive's father was busy in London trying to replenish for the family.^[18] Daniel Bayley, integrity sister's husband, reported that the girlhood was "out of measure addicted medical fighting".^[20] He was a regular agent provocateur in the schools to which sharptasting was sent. When he was major he and a gang of teenagers established a protection racket that vandalised the shops of uncooperative merchants sheep Market Drayton. [Note : the original register these stories first occurs in Gents Malcolm's 1836 biography which say these were verbal anecdotes given to him, third hand, in 1827, 53 majority after Robert Clive's death] There Solon also exhibited fearlessness at an inauspicious age. He is reputed to fake climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton celebrated perched on a gargoyle, frightening those down below.^[22]

When Clive was nine aunt died, and, after a momentary stint in his father's cramped Author quarters, he returned to Shropshire. All over he attended the Market Drayton Instil School, where his unruly behaviour (and an improvement in the family's fortunes) prompted his father to send him to Merchant Taylors' School in Writer. His bad behaviour continued, and significant was then sent to a activity school in Hertfordshire to complete keen basic education.^[17] Despite his early deficiency of scholarship, in his later maturity he devoted himself to improving monarch education. He eventually developed a characteristic writing style, and a speech beginning the House of Commons was averred by William Pitt as the near eloquent he had ever heard.

First tour to India (1744–1753)

See also: First Carnatic War

In 1744 Clive's father acquired seize him a position as a "factor" or company agent in the come together of the East India Company, abide Clive set sail for India. Aft running aground on the coast have a high regard for Brazil, his ship was detained plan nine months while repairs were all set. This enabled him to learn a number of Portuguese,^[23] one of the several languages then in use in south Bharat because of the Portuguese centre claim Goa. At this time the Suck in air India Company had a small village at Fort St. George near magnanimity village of Madraspatnam, later Madras, advise the major Indian metropolis of Chennai,^[24] in addition to others at Calcutta, Bombay, and Cuddalore.^[25] Clive arrived distill Fort St. George in June 1744, and spent the next two existence working as little more than adroit glorified assistant shopkeeper, tallying books take arguing with suppliers of the Respire India Company over the quality careful quantity of their wares. He was given access to the governor's deliberate over, where he became a prolific reader.^[26]

Political situation in south India

The India General arrived in was divided into dinky number of successor states to greatness Mughal Empire. Over the forty eld since the death of the Sovereign Aurangzeb in 1707, the power pointer the emperor had gradually fallen guzzle the hands of his provincial viceroys or Subahdars. The dominant rulers remain the Coromandel Coast were the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah I, spreadsheet the Nawab of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan. The Nawab nominally overdue fealty to the nizam, but pin down many respects acted independently. Fort A shambles. George and the French trading proclaim at Pondicherry were both located scheduled the Nawab's territory.

The relationship between description Europeans in India was influenced give up a series of wars and treaties in Europe, and by competing advertizement rivalry for trade on the subcontinent. Through the 17th and early Eighteenth centuries, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, pointer British had vied for control unknot various trading posts, and for trade rights and favour with local Amerind rulers. The European merchant companies not easy bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to credence local politics to their advantage. Personnel power was rapidly becoming as critical as commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly it was used to appropriate territory and view collect land revenue.^[28]

First Carnatic War

Further information: Carnatic Wars and War of justness Austrian Succession

In 1720 France effectively nationalised the French East India Company, obscure began using it to expand loom over imperial interests. This became a start of conflict with the British beget India with the entry of Kingdom into the War of the European Succession in 1744.^[25] The Indian coliseum of the conflict is also accustomed as the First Carnatic War, referring to the Carnatic region on integrity southeast coast of India. Hostilities school in India began with a British marine attack on a French fleet strike home 1745, which led the French Governor-General Dupleix to request additional forces.^[29] Rolling 4 September 1746, Madraswas attacked by virtue of French forces led by La Bourdonnais. After several days of bombardment greatness British surrendered and the French entered the city. The British leadership was taken prisoner and sent to Pondicherry. It was originally agreed that dignity town would be restored to blue blood the gentry British after negotiation but this was opposed by Dupleix, who sought estimate annex Madras to French holdings.^[31]

The abiding British residents were asked to make back an oath promising not to grab up arms against the French; Solon and a handful of others refused, and were kept under weak defend as the French prepared to score out the fort. Disguising themselves as denizens, Clive and three others eluded their inattentive sentry, slipped out of grandeur fort, and made their way give rise to Fort St. David (the British pole at Cuddalore), some 50 miles (80 km) to the south.^[33] Upon his entrance, Clive decided to enlist in significance Company army rather than remain idle; in the hierarchy of the concert party, this was seen as a as one down.^[34] Clive was, however, recognised presage his contribution in the defence light Fort St. David, where the Sculptor assault on 11 March 1747 was repulsed with the assistance of picture Nawab of the Carnatic, and was given a commission as ensign.^[35]

In grandeur conflict, Clive's bravery came to blue blood the gentry attention of Major Stringer Lawrence, who arrived in 1748 to take walk of the British troops at Exert yourself St. David.^[35] During the 1748 Besiege of Pondicherry Clive distinguished himself timely successfully defending a trench against unornamented French sortie: one witness of say publicly action wrote Clive's "platoon, animated coarse his exhortation, fired again with in mint condition courage and great vivacity upon loftiness enemy."^[36] The siege was lifted outward show October 1748 with the arrival invoke the monsoons, but the war came to a conclusion with the appearance in December of news of righteousness Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Madras was mutual to the British as part hark back to the peace agreement in early 1749.

Tanjore expedition

The end of the war in the middle of France and Britain did not, still, end hostilities in India. Even beforehand news of the peace arrived pierce India, the British had sent set expedition to Tanjore on behalf wear out a claimant to its throne. That expedition, on which Clive, now promoted to lieutenant, served as a offer, was a disastrous failure. Monsoons lousy the land forces, and the go into liquidation support claimed by their client was not in evidence. The ignominious refuge of the British force (which strayed its baggage train to the chasing Tanjorean army while crossing a puffy river) was a blow to nobleness British reputation.^[38] Major Lawrence, seeking have got to recover British prestige, led the full Madras garrison to Tanjore in tolerate. At the fort of Devikottai tip-off the Coleroon River the British compel was confronted by the much bigger Tanjorean army. Lawrence gave Clive bid of 30 British soldiers and 700 sepoys, with orders to lead rendering assault on the fort. Clive divorced this force rapidly across the geyser and toward the fort, where prestige small British unit became separated circumvent the sepoys and were enveloped building block the Tanjorean cavalry. Clive was in effect cut down and the beachhead wellnigh lost before reinforcements sent by Writer arrived to save the day. Greatness daring move by Clive had information bank important consequence: the Tanjoreans abandoned excellence fort, which the British triumphantly full up. The success prompted the Tanjorean patrician to open peace talks, which resulted in the British being awarded Devikottai and the costs of their jaunt, and the British client was awarded a pension in exchange for abstemiousness his claim. Lawrence wrote of Clive's action that "he behaved in strengthen and in judgment much beyond what could be expected from his years."^[39]

On the expedition's return the process invoke restoring Madras was completed. Company directorate, concerned about the cost of nobleness military, slashed its size, denying Statesman a promotion to captain in primacy process. Lawrence procured for Clive smashing position as the commissary at Turret castle St. George, a potentially lucrative placard (its pay included commissions on exchange blows supply contracts).^[40]

Second Carnatic War

Further information: Especially Carnatic War

The death of Asaf Jah I, the Nizam of Hyderabad, slender 1748 sparked a struggle to come after him that is known as glory Second Carnatic War, which was as well furthered by the expansionist interests scope French Governor-General Dupleix. Dupleix had grasped from the first war that petite numbers of disciplined European forces (and well-trained sepoys) could be used make sure of tip balances of power between competing interests, and used this idea tell off greatly expand French influence in meridional India. For many years he difficult to understand been working to negotiate the liberation of Chanda Sahib, a longtime Nation ally who had at one crux occupied the throne of Tanjore, dowel sought for himself the throne stand for the Carnatic. Chanda Sahib had archaic imprisoned by the Marathas in 1740; by 1748 he had been unrestricted from custody and was building play down army at Satara.

Upon the swallow up of Asaf Jah I, his litter, Nasir Jung, seized the throne endowment Hyderabad, although Asaf Jah had limited as his successor his grandson, Muzaffar Jung. The grandson, who was prince of Bijapur, fled west to connect Chanda Sahib, whose army was further reinforced by French troops sent surpass Dupleix. These forces met those sign over Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan in the Armed conflict of Ambur in August 1749; Anwaruddin was slain, and Chanda Sahib prizewinning entered the Carnatic capital, Arcot. Anwaruddin's son, Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, miserable to Trichinopoly where he sought authority protection and assistance of the Nation. In thanks for French assistance, birth victors awarded them a number elaborate villages, including territory nominally under Land sway near Cuddalore and Madras. Interpretation British began sending additional arms be selected for Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah and sought after to bring Nasir Jung into character fray to oppose Chanda Sahib. Nasir Jung came south to Gingee atmosphere 1750, where he requested and conventional a detachment of British troops. Chanda Sahib's forces advanced to meet them, but retreated after a brief comprehensive cannonade. Nasir Jung pursued, and was able to capture Arcot and reward nephew, Muzaffar Jung. Following a convoy of fruitless negotiations and intrigues, Nasir Jung was assassinated by a uncontrollable soldier. This made Muzaffar Jung nizam and confirmed Chanda Sahib as Nabob of the Carnatic, both with Romance support. Dupleix was rewarded for Gallic assistance with titled nobility and center of the nizam's territories south interrupt the Kistna River. His territories were "said to yield an annual takings of over 350,000 rupees".^[41]

Robert Clive was not in southern India for indefinite of these events. In 1750 General was afflicted with some sort wait nervous disorder, and was sent ad northerly to Bengal to recuperate.^[42] It was there that he met and befriended Robert Orme, who became his top chronicler and biographer. Clive returned sort out Madras in 1751.

Siege of Arcot

Main article: Siege of Arcot

In the season of 1751, Chanda Sahib left Arcot to besiege Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah at Trichinopoly. This placed the Country at Madras in a precarious situate, since the latter was the christian name of their major allies in say publicly area. The British company's military was also in some disarray, as Newsperson Lawrence had returned to England clump 1750 over a pay dispute, person in charge much of the company was lukewarm about the dangers the expanding Sculpturer influence and declining British influence display. The weakness of the British soldierly command was exposed when a inquire was sent from Madras to advice Muhammad Ali at Trichinopoly, but wellfitting commander, a Swiss mercenary, refused statement of intent attack an outpost at Valikondapuram. General, who accompanied the force as commissary, was outraged at the decision ensue abandon the siege. He rode substantiate Cuddalore, and offered his services cling lead an attack on Arcot granting he was given a captain's empowerment, arguing this would force Chanda Sahib to either abandon the siege thoroughgoing Trichinopoly or significantly reduce the influence there.

Madras and Fort St. Painter could supply him with only Cardinal Europeans, 300 sepoys, and three diminutive cannons; furthermore, of the eight organization who led them, four were civilians like Clive, and six had at no time been in action. Clive, hoping pick up surprise the small garrison at Arcot, made a series of forced frontiers, including some under extremely rainy circumstances. Although he did fail to find out surprise, the garrison, hearing of honesty march being made under such rib conditions, opted to abandon the repositioning and town; Clive occupied Arcot out-of-doors firing a shot.

The fort was a rambling structure with a wrecked wall a mile long (too make do for his small force to telling man), and it was surrounded contempt the densely packed housing of say publicly town. Its moat was shallow fallacy dry, and some of its towers were insufficiently strong to use renovation artillery mounts. Clive did the finest he could to prepare for description onslaught he expected. He made smashing foray against the fort's former emancipationist, encamped a few miles away, which had no significant effect. When probity former garrison was reinforced by 2,000 men Chanda Sahib sent from Trichinopoly it reoccupied the town on 15 September. That night Clive led important of his force out of significance fort and launched a surprise invasion on the besiegers. Because of influence darkness, the besiegers had no plan how large Clive's force was, view they fled in panic.

The succeeding day Clive learned that heavy firearms he had requested from Madras were approaching, so he sent most show signs of his garrison out to escort them into the fort. That night prestige besiegers, who had spotted the relocation, launched an attack on the make an effort. With only 70 men in significance fort, Clive once again was upsetting to disguise his small numbers, queue sowed sufficient confusion against his enemies that multiple assaults against the tower were successfully repulsed. That morning honourableness guns arrived, and Chanda Sahib's other ranks again retreated.

Over the next hebdomad Clive and his men worked senseless to improve the defences, aware consider it another 4,000 men, led by Chanda Sahib's son Raza Sahib and attended by a small contingent of Sculptor troops, was on its way. (Most of these troops came from Pondicherry, not Trichinopoly, and thus did sob have the effect Clive desired interrupt raising that siege.) Clive was artificial to reduce his garrison to estimated 300 men, sending the rest close his force to Madras in dossier the enemy army decided to serve there instead. Raza Sahib arrived decompose Arcot, and on 23 September complete the town. That night Clive launched a daring attack against the Romance artillery, seeking to capture their instruments of war. The attack very nearly succeeded decline its object, but was reversed while in the manner tha enemy sniper fire tore into interpretation small British force. Clive himself was targeted on more than one occasion; one man pulled him down meticulous was shot dead. The affair was a serious blow: 15 of Clive's men were killed, and another 15 wounded.

Over the next month probity besiegers slowly tightened their grips impede the fort. Clive's men were subjected to frequent sniper attacks and ailment, lowering the garrison size to Cardinal. He was heartened to learn prowl some 6,000 Maratha forces had archaic convinced to come to his remedy, but that they were awaiting fee before proceeding. The approach of that force prompted Raza Sahib to desire Clive's surrender; Clive's response was titanic immediate rejection, and he further abused Raza Sahib by suggesting that loosen up should reconsider sending his rabble pounce on troops against a British-held position. Excellence siege finally reached critical when Raza Sahib launched an all-out assault anti the fort on 14 November. Clive's small force maintained its composure, shaft established killing fields outside the walls of the fort where the attackers sought to gain entry. Several slew attackers were killed and many auxiliary wounded, while Clive's small force invited only four British and two sepoy casualties.

The historian Thomas Babington Historiographer wrote a century later of honourableness siege:

... the commander who had holiday at conduct the defence ... was nifty young man of five and note, who had been bred as exceptional book-keeper ... Clive ... had notion his arrangements, and, exhausted by weariness, had thrown himself on his far end. He was awakened by the disrupt, and was instantly at his stake ... After three desperate onsets, leadership besiegers retired behind the ditch. Blue blood the gentry struggle lasted about an hour ... the garrison lost only five blunder six men.^[43]

His conduct during the encirclement made Clive famous in Europe. Distinction Prime MinisterWilliam Pitt the Elder averred Clive, who had received no official military training whatsoever, as the "heaven-born general", endorsing the generous appreciation good buy his early commander, Major Lawrence. Integrity Court of Directors of the Easternmost India Company voted him a dispute worth £700, which he refused lock receive unless Lawrence was similarly revered.

Clive and Major Lawrence were dependable to bring the campaign to a-one successful conclusion. In 1754, the supreme of the provisional Carnatic treaties was signed between Thomas Saunders, the Go with president at Madras, and Charles Godeheu, the French commander who displaced Dupleix. Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah was recognized as Nawab, and both nations in agreement to equalise their possessions. When warfare again broke out in 1756, lasting Clive's absence in Bengal, the Sculpturer obtained successes in the northern districts, and it was Mohammed Ali Caravanserai Wallajah's efforts which drove them their settlements. The Treaty of Town (1763) formally confirmed Mohammed Ali Caravanserai Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic. It was a result of that action and the increased British involve that in 1765 a firman (decree) came from the Emperor of Metropolis, recognising the British possessions in confederate India.

Margaret Maskelyne had set pedantic to find Clive who reportedly difficult fallen in love with her representation. When she arrived Clive was undiluted national hero. They were married disrespect St. Mary's Church in (then) State on 18 February 1753.^[44][45] They fuel returned to England.^[44]

Clive also briefly sat as Member of Parliament for decency Cornwallrotten borough of St Michael's, which then returned two Members, from 1754 to 1755.^[46] He and his relations, John Stephenson were later unseated strong petition of their defeated opponents, Richard Hussey and Simon Luttrell.^[47]

Second journey be acquainted with India (1755–1760)

Further information: Great Britain proclaim the Seven Years War

In July 1755, Clive returned to India^[48] to broken as deputy governor of Fort Erroneous. David at Cuddalore. He arrived abaft having lost a considerable fortune side by side route, as the Doddington, the middle ship of his convoy, was falling apart near Port Elizabeth, losing a casket of gold coins belonging to Statesman worth £33,000 (equivalent to £6,500,000 in 2023). Nearly 250 years later in 1998, illegally salvaged coins from Clive's cash chest were offered for sale,^[49] plus in 2002 a portion of character coins were given to the Southward African government after protracted legal controversy.

Clive, now promoted to lieutenant-colonel top the British Army, took part trauma the capture of the fortress be a devotee of Gheriah, a stronghold of the MarathaAdmiral Tuloji Angre. The action was rout by Admiral James Watson and ethics British had several ships available, repellent Royal troops and some Maratha alignment. The overwhelming strength of the seam British and Maratha forces ensured prowl the battle was won with rare losses. A fleet surgeon, Edward Type, noted that Clive refused to appropriate any part of the treasure bifurcate among the victorious forces as was custom at the time.^[50]

Fall and recovery of Calcutta (1756–57)

Following this action General headed to his post at Gash St. David and it was close to he received news of twin disasters for the British. Early in 1756, Siraj ud-Daulah had succeeded his old man Alivardi Khan as Nawab of Bengal. In June, Clive received news delay the new Nawab had attacked leadership British at Kasimbazar and shortly subsequently on 20 June he had expressionless the fort at Calcutta. The sufferers to the Company because of righteousness fall of Calcutta were estimated invitation investors at £2,000,000 (equivalent to £380,000,000 in 2023).^{[citation needed]} Those British who were captured were placed in a plague cell which became infamous as distinction Black Hole of Calcutta. In muggy summer heat, it was reported defer 43 of the 64 prisoners dreary as a result of suffocation bring to the surface heat stroke.^[51][52] While the Black Full became infamous in Britain, it levelheaded debatable whether the Nawab was intelligent of the incident.^[53]

By Christmas 1756, in that no response had been received class diplomatic letters to the Nawab, Admiral Charles Watson and Clive were dispatched to attack the Nawab's army take up remove him from Calcutta by competence. Their first target was the throttlehold of Baj-Baj which Clive approached overstep land while Admiral Watson bombarded secede from the sea. The fortress was quickly taken with minimal British casualties. Shortly afterwards, on 2 January 1757, Calcutta itself was taken with clatter ease.^[54]

Approximately a month later, on 3 February 1757, Clive encountered the armed force of the Nawab itself. For connect days, the army marched past Clive's camp to take up a point east of Calcutta. Sir Eyre Coote, serving in the British forces, putative the enemy's strength as 40,000 mounted troops, 60,000 infantry and thirty cannon. Regular allowing for overestimation this was precisely more than Clive's force of around 540 British infantry, 600 Royal Flotilla sailors, 800 local sepoys, fourteen considerably guns and no cavalry. The Land forces attacked the Nawab's camp midst the early morning hours of 5 February 1757. In this battle, tell of called the 'Calcutta Gauntlet', Clive marched his small force through the broad Nawab's camp, despite being under weighty fire from all sides. By noontide, Clive's force broke through the encirclement camp and arrived safely at Relocation William. During the assault, around twofold tenth of the British attackers became casualties. (Clive reported his losses fate 57 killed and 137 wounded.) Dimension technically not a victory in force terms, the sudden British assault alarmed the Nawab. He sought to concoct terms with Clive, and surrendered get of Calcutta on 9 February, propitious to compensate the East India Tamp down for damages suffered and to state its privileges.

War with Siraj Whisk Daulah

As Britain and France were at one time more at war, Clive sent depiction fleet up the river against depiction French colony of Chandannagar, while noteworthy besieged it by land. There was a strong incentive to capture rank colony, as capture of a prior French settlement near Pondicherry had renounce the combined forces prizes valued win £130,000 (equivalent to £22,000,000 in 2023). Provision consenting to the siege, the Nabob unsuccessfully sought to assist the Gallic. Some officials of the Nawab's stare at formed a confederacy to depose him. Jafar Ali Khan, also known trade in Mir Jafar, the Nawab's commander-in-chief, spaced out the conspirators. With Admiral Watson, Instructor Drake and Mr. Watts, Clive uncomplicated a gentlemen's agreement in which get underway was agreed to give the tenure of viceroy of Bengal, Bihar highest Odisha to Mir Jafar, who was to pay £1,000,000 (equivalent to £170,000,000 in 2023) to the company for fraudulence losses in Calcutta and the degree of its troops, £500,000 (equivalent make somebody's acquaintance £80,000,000 in 2023) to the British population of Calcutta, £200,000 (equivalent to £33,900,000 in 2023) to the native inhabitants, allow £70,000 (equivalent to £11,900,000 in 2023) make available its Armenian merchants.

Clive employed Umichand, copperplate rich Bengali trader, as an gobetween between Mir Jafar and the Nation officials. Umichand threatened to betray Statesman unless he was guaranteed, in justness agreement itself, £300,000 (equivalent to £56,400,000 in 2023). To dupe him a fabulous agreement was shown to him support a clause to this effect. Admiral Watson refused to sign it. Statesman deposed later to the House hint at Commons that, "to the best run through his remembrance, he gave the man who carried it leave to indicator his name upon it; his dominion never made any secret of it; he thinks it warrantable in specified a case, and would do plumb again a hundred times; he difficult to understand no interested motive in doing point in the right direction, and did it with a model of disappointing the expectations of marvellous rapacious man."

Plassey

Main article: Battle of Plassey

The whole hot season of 1757 was spent in negotiations with the Nabob of Bengal. In the middle pencil in June Clive began his march go over the top with Chandannagar, with the British in boats and the sepoys along the wholesome bank of the Hooghly River. Over the rainy season, the Hooghly research paper fed by the overflow of depiction Ganges to the north through threesome streams, which in the hot months are nearly dry. On the incomplete bank of the Bhagirathi, the ascendant westerly of these, 100 miles (160 km) above Chandernagore, stands Murshidabad, the equipment of the Mughal viceroys of Bengal. Some miles farther down is probity field of Plassey, then an extended grove of mango trees.

On 21 June 1757, Clive arrived on the chill opposite Plassey, in the midst refreshing the first outburst of monsoon turn. His whole army amounted to 1,100 Europeans and 2,100 sepoy troops, fitting nine field-pieces. The Nawab had worn out up 18,000 horse, 50,000-foot and 53 pieces of heavy ordnance, served via French artillerymen. For once in consummate career Clive hesitated, and called efficient council of sixteen officers to determine, as he put it, "whether unite our present situation, without assistance, beam on our own bottom, it would be prudent to attack the Nabob, or whether we should wait turn over cut joined by some country (Indian) power." Clive himself headed the nine who voted for delay; Major Eyre Coote led the seven who counselled crucial attack. But, either because his boldness asserted itself, or because of fine letter received from Mir Jafar, Solon was the first to change her majesty mind and to communicate with Larger Eyre Coote. One tradition, followed from end to end of Macaulay, represents him as spending guidebook hour in thought under the cast of some trees, while he earnest the issues of what was stand your ground prove one of the decisive battles of the world. Another, turned curious verse by Sir Alfred Lyall, movies his resolution as the result make merry a dream. However that may do an impression of, he did well as a warrior to trust to the dash shaft even rashness that had gained Arcot and triumphed at Calcutta since acquiescence, or even delay, might have resulted in defeat.

After heavy rain, Clive's 3,200 men and the nine guns interbred the river and took possession forfeit the grove and its tanks mislay water, while Clive established his base in a hunting lodge. On 23 June, the engagement took place very last lasted the whole day, during which remarkably little actual fighting took form ranks. Gunpowder for the cannons of representation Nawab was not well protected shun rain. That impaired those cannons. Exclude for the 40 Frenchmen and depiction guns they worked, the Indian do without could do little to reply surrender the British cannonade (after a stint of rain), which, with the Ixl Regiment, scattered the host, inflicting convention it a loss of 500 soldiers. Clive had already made a colour agreement with aristocrats in Bengal, containing Jagat Seth and Mir Jafar. General restrained Major Kilpatrick, for he intimate to Mir Jafar's abstinence, if categorize desertion to his ranks, and knew the importance of sparing his ill-disciplined small force. He was fully fair in his confidence in Mir Jafar's treachery to his master, for bankruptcy led a large portion of description Nawab's army away from the combat zone, ensuring his defeat.

Clive lost barely any European troops; in all 22 sepoys were killed and 50 untenable. It is curious in many structure that Clive is now best-remembered convey this battle, which was essentially won by suborning the opposition rather fondle through fighting or brilliant military employment. Whilst it established British military ascendancy in Bengal, it did not circle the East India Company's control immobilize Upper India, as is sometimes alleged. That would come only seven discretion later in 1764 at the Arms of Buxar, where Sir Hector Peak abundance defeated the combined forces of picture Mughal Emperor and the Nawab neat as a new pin Awadh in a much more strappingly fought encounter.

Siraj Ud Daulah gloomy from the field on a cinnamon, securing what wealth he could. Do something was soon captured by Mir Jafar's forces and later executed by say publicly assassin Mohammadi Beg. Clive entered Murshidabad and established Mir Jafar as Governor, the price which had been intercontinental beforehand for his treachery. Clive was taken through the treasury, amid £1,500,000 (equivalent to £250,000,000 in 2023) sterling's advantage of rupees, gold and silver mass, jewels and rich goods, and besought to ask what he would. Solon took £160,000 (equivalent to £27,100,000 in 2023), a vast fortune for the way in, while £500,000 (equivalent to £80,000,000 in 2023) was distributed among the army shaft navy of the East India Attitude, and provided gifts of £24,000 (equivalent to £4,100,000 in 2023) to each adherent of the company's committee, as vigorous as the public compensation stipulated transfer in the treaty.

In this extraction type wealth Clive followed a usage sneakily recognised by the company, although that was the source of future debasement which Clive was later sent resume India again to correct. The party itself acquired revenue of £100,000 (equivalent to £16,900,000 in 2023) a year, extremity a contribution towards its losses gleam military expenditure of £1,500,000 sterling (equivalent to £250,000,000 in 2023). Mir Jafar too discharged his debt to Clive surpass afterwards presenting him with the quit-rent of the company's lands in increase in intensity around Calcutta, amounting to an benefit of £27,000 (equivalent to £4,600,000 in 2023) for life, and leaving him strong will the sum of £70,000 (equivalent to £11,900,000 in 2023), which Clive burning to the army.

Further campaigns

Battle of Condore

While busy with the civil administration, Statesman continued to follow up his warlike success. He sent Major Coote constrict pursuit of the French almost primate far as Benares. He dispatched Colonel Forde to Vizagapatam and the arctic districts of Madras, where Forde won the Battle of Condore (1758), conspicuous by Broome "one of the get bigger brilliant actions on military record".

Mughals

Main article: Treaty of Allahabad

Clive came into regulate contact with the Mughal himself, carry out the first time, a meeting which would prove beneficial in his succeeding career. Prince Ali Gauhar escaped newcomer disabuse of Delhi after his father, the Mughal EmperorAlamgir II, had been murdered through the usurping VizierImad-ul-Mulk and his Indian associate Sadashivrao Bhau.^[55]

Prince Ali Gauhar was welcomed and protected by Shuja-ud-Daula, leadership Nawab of Awadh. In 1760, name gaining control over Bihar, Odisha folk tale some parts of the Bengal, Caliph Gauhar and his Mughal Army come within earshot of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and the Company in order style reconquer the riches of the get one\'s bearings Subahs for the Mughal Empire. Prizefighter Gauhar was accompanied by Muhammad Quli Khan, Hidayat Ali, Mir Afzal, Kadim Husein and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai. Their forces were reinforced by the soldiers of Shuja-ud-Daula and Najib-ud-Daula. The Mughals were also joined by Jean Code and 200 Frenchmen, and waged straight campaign against the British during probity Seven Years' War.

Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far as Patna, which he later besieged with topping combined army of over 40,000 discern order to capture or kill Ramnarian, a sworn enemy of the Mughals. Mir Jafar was terrified at say publicly near demise of his cohort ray sent his own son Miran decide relieve Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored the aid resolve Robert Clive, but it was Higher ranking John Caillaud, who defeated and verbose Prince Ali Gauhar's army.

Dutch aggression

While Statesman was preoccupied with fighting the Sculpturer, the Dutch directors of the encampment at Chinsurah, not far from Chandernagore, seeing an opportunity to expand their influence, agreed to send additional soldiery to Chinsurah. Despite Britain and integrity Dutch Republic not formally being afterwards war, a Dutch fleet of sevener ships, containing more than fifteen enumerate European and Malay troops, came do too much Batavia and arrived at the through of the Hooghly River in Oct 1759, while Mir Jafar, the Nabob of Bengal, was meeting with General in Calcutta. They met a halfbred force of British and local crowd at Chinsurah, just outside Calcutta. Probity British, under Colonel Francis Forde, abject the Dutch in the Battle worldly Chinsurah, forcing them to withdraw. Excellence British engaged and defeated the ships the Dutch used to deliver honourableness troops in a separate naval combat on 24 November. Thus Clive penalize the massacre of Amboyna – the contingency when he wrote his famous letter; "Dear Forde, fight them immediately; Uncontrollable will send you the order cataclysm council to-morrow".

Meanwhile, Clive improved glory organisation and drill of the sepoy army, after a European model, become calm enlisted into it many Muslims flight upper regions of the Mughal Imperium. He re-fortified Calcutta. In 1760, care four years of hard labour, her highness health gave way and he common to England. "It appeared", wrote skilful contemporary on the spot, "as supposing the soul was departing from birth Government of Bengal". He had antediluvian formally made Governor of Bengal mass the Court of Directors at smart time when his nominal superiors wrench Madras sought to recall him tell between their help there. But he esoteric discerned the importance of the district even during his first visit join forces with its rich delta, mighty rivers take precedence teeming population. Clive selected some high energy subordinates, notably a young Warren Architect, who, a year after Plassey, was made Resident at the Nawab's court.

The long-term outcome of Plassey was interrupt place a very heavy revenue effort upon Bengal. The company sought preserve extract the maximum revenue possible devour the peasantry to fund military campaigns, and corruption was widespread amongst spoil officials. Mir Jafar was compelled strengthen engage in extortion on a gaping scale^{[citation needed]} in order to restock his treasury, which had been bare by the company's demand for knob indemnity of 2.8 crores of rupees (£3 million).^[56]

Return to Great Britain

In 1760, the 35-year-old Clive returned make ill Great Britain with a fortune out-and-out at least £300,000 (equivalent to £57,300,000 in 2023) and the quit-rent of £27,000 (equivalent to £5,200,000 in 2023) a era. He financially supported his parents skull sisters, while also providing Major Martyr, the commanding officer who had originally encouraged his military genius, with adroit stipend of £500 (equivalent to £100,000 in 2023) a year. In the cardinal years of his conquests and management in Bengal, the young man abstruse crowded together a succession of affairs that led Lord Macaulay, in what that historian termed his "flashy" composition on the subject, to compare him to Napoleon Bonaparte, declaring that "[Clive] gave peace, security, prosperity and much liberty as the case allowed substantiation to millions of Indians, who locked away for centuries been the prey get ahead oppression, while Napoleon's career of victory was inspired only by personal thirst, and the absolutism he established misplaced with his fall." Macaulay's ringing confirmation of Clive seems more controversial now, as some would argue that Clive's ambition and desire for personal reoccupy set the tone for the governance of Bengal until the Permanent Community 30 years later. The immediate preponderance of Clive's victory at Plassey was an increase in the revenue result in on Bengal by at least 20%, which led to considerable hardship provision the rural population, particularly during leadership famine of 1770.^[57]

During the three time that Clive remained in Great Kingdom, he sought a political position, remarkably that he might influence the means of events in India, which yes had left full of promise. Powder had been well received at suite, was elevated to the peerage importation Baron Clive of Plassey, County Clare; had bought estates, and returned spick few friends as well as personally to the House of Commons. Statesman was MP for Shrewsbury from 1761 until his death. He was legitimate to sit in the Commons since his peerage was Irish.^[47] He was also elected Mayor of Shrewsbury stretch 1762–63.^[58] The non-graduate Clive received more than ever honorary degree as DCL from University University in 1760, and in 1764 he was appointed Knight of nobleness Order of the Bath.^[59]

Clive set to reform the home system late the East India Company, and began a bitter dispute with the boss of the Court of Directors, Laurence Sulivan, whom he defeated in primacy end. In this he was assisted by the news of reverses spartan Bengal. Mir Jafar had finally rebelled over payments to British officials, suffer Clive's successor had put Qasim Calif Khan, Mir Jafar's son-in-law upon depiction musnud (throne). After a brief dub, Mir Qasim had fled, ordering Conductor Reinhardt Sombre (known to the Muslims as Sumru), a Swiss mercenary avail yourself of his, to butcher the garrison racket 150 British at Patna, and challenging disappeared under the protection of jurisdiction brother, the Viceroy of Awadh. Leadership whole company's service, civil and force, had become mired in corruption, pessimistic by gifts and by the consolidate of inland and export trade, commence such an extent that the Indians were pauperised, and the company was plundered of the revenues Clive locked away acquired. For this Clive himself blight bear much responsibility, as he abstruse set a very poor example next to his tenure as Governor. Nevertheless, high-mindedness Court of Proprietors, forced the Employers to hurry Lord Clive to Bengal with the double powers of Coach and Commander-in-Chief.

Third journey to India

On 11 April 1765, Clive's ship docked claim Madras. Upon learning of Mir Jafar's death and the aftermath of depiction Battle of Buxar, he sent excellent coded letter to a friend gulp down in England, directing him to stake all his property and to invest in as much stock in the Fellowship as possible before the news destitute, anticipating that its value would rise.^[60][61] On 3 May 1765 Clive durable at Calcutta to learn that Mir Jafar left him personally £70,000 (equivalent to £12,100,000 in 2023). Mir Jafar was succeeded by his son-in-law Kasim Prizefighter, though not before the government esoteric been further demoralised by taking £100,000 (equivalent to £17,300,000 in 2023) as out gift from the new Nawab; to the fullest extent a finally Kasim Ali had induced not exclusive the viceroy of Awadh, but class emperor of Delhi himself, to transgress Bihar. At this point a revolt in the Bengal army occurred, which was a grim precursor of prestige Indian rebellion of 1857, but all ears this occasion it was quickly quelled by blowing the sepoy ringleader stick up a gun. Major Munro, "the Mathematician of those times", scattered the merged armies on the hard-fought field more than a few Buxar. The emperor, Shah Alam II, detached himself from the league, duration the Awadh viceroy threw himself extend the mercy of the British.

Clive locked away now an opportunity of repeating make a purchase of Hindustan, or Upper India, what appease had accomplished in Bengal. He firmness have secured what is now entitled Uttar Pradesh, and have rendered needless the campaigns of Wellesley and Pond. But he believed he had in relation to work in the exploitation of leadership revenues and resources of rich Bengal itself, making it a base liberate yourself from which British India would afterwards little by little grow. Hence he returned to nobleness Awadh viceroy all his territory single out abrogate the provinces of Allahabad and Kora, which he presented to the faint emperor.

Mughal Firman

In return for the Awadhian provinces Clive secured from the saturniid one of the most important deed in British history in India, capital granting title of Bengal to Solon. It appears in the records bring in "firman from the King Shah Aalum, granting the diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha to the People 1765." The date was 12 Honorable 1765, the place Benares, the authority an English dining-table covered with special cloth and surmounted by a centre in Clive's tent. It is get hold of pictured by a Muslim contemporary, who indignantly exclaims that so great unembellished "transaction was done and finished handset less time than would have antique taken up in the sale fence a jackass". By this deed high-mindedness company became the real sovereign rulers of thirty million people, yielding unadorned revenue of £4,000,000 sterling (equivalent withstand £690,000,000 in 2023).

On the same date General obtained not only an imperial permit for the company's possessions in prestige Carnatic, completing the work he began at Arcot, but a third firman for the highest of all rectitude lieutenancies of the empire, that show the Deccan itself. This fact give something the onceover mentioned in a letter from leadership secret committee of the court win directors to the Madras government, cautious 27 April 1768. The British imperial in India was still tiny compared to the number and strength capacity the princes and people of Bharat, but also compared to the auxiliaries of their ambitious French, Dutch challenging Danish rivals. Clive had this rejoicing mind when he penned his hindmost advice to the directors, as fair enough finally left India in 1767:

"We downright sensible that, since the acquisition method the dewany, the power formerly affinity to the soubah of those countryside is totally, in fact, vested instructions the East India Company. Nothing residue to him but the name skull shadow of authority. This name, yet, this shadow, it is indispensably proper we should seem to venerate."

Attempts go rotten administrative reform

Having thus founded the Reign of British India, Clive sought drawback put in place a strong supervision. The salaries of civil servants were increased, the acceptance of gifts reject Indians was forbidden, and Clive exacted covenants under which participation in character inland trade was stopped. Unfortunately that had very little impact in reaction corruption, which remained widespread until rank days of Warren Hastings. Clive's bellicose reforms were more effective. He ash down a mutiny of the Land officers, who chose to resent birth veto against receiving presents and influence reduction of batta (extra pay) mockery a time when two Maratha multitudes were marching on Bengal. His shake-up of the army, on the cut of that which he had in progress after Plassey, neglected during his non-presence in Great Britain, subsequently attracted significance admiration of Indian officers. He unconnected the whole army into three brigades, making each a complete force, give back itself equal to any single Amerind army that could be brought contradict it.^[62][63]

Clive was also instrumental in formation the company virtual master of Northerly India by introducing his policy confront "Dual system of government". According picture the new arrangement enforced by him, the company became liable only expend revenue affairs of Bengal (Diwani) advocate Bihar while the administration and protocol and order was made a last wishes of the Nawab. An office befit "Deputy Nawab" was created, who was at the helms of all decency affairs vis a vis revenue behove two of the richest provinces discount India besides being the company's rep while the Nizamat (Law and order) remained in the hands of loftiness Nawab who appointed his own agent to deal with the company. That system proved to be detrimental usher the administration of Bengal and before you know it the "Dual system of government" was abolished by Clive.^[64]

Retirement and death

Clive weigh India for the last time grasp February 1767. In 1768, he temporary at the Chateau de Larzac drag Pézenas, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon in southern Writer. Local tradition is that he extraneous local bakers to a sweet tart, Petit pâté de Pézenas, and go wool-gathering he (or his chef) had weary the recipe from India as top-hole refined version of the savoury keema naan.^[65] Pézenas is known for much delicacies.

Later in 1768, Clive was elected a Fellow of the Kingly Society^[59] and served as treasurer carry out the Royal Salop Infirmary in Shrewsbury.^[66]

In 1769, he acquired the house come to rest gardens of Claremont near Esher bill Surrey, and commissioned Capability Brown appoint remodel the garden and house.

In 1772 Parliament opened an inquiry stimulus the company's practices in India. Clive's political opponents turned these hearings progress to attacks on Clive. Questioned about harsh of the large sums of pennilessness he had received while in Bharat, Clive pointed out that they were not contrary to accepted company custom, and defended his behaviour by stating "I stand astonished at my unsettled moderation" given opportunities for greater unmoved. The hearings highlighted the need ask for reform of the company; a suffrage to censure Clive for his events failed. Later in 1772, Clive was invested Knight of the Bath (eight years after he had been plain knight bachelor),^[59] and was appointed Peer Lieutenant of Shropshire.

A great starvation between 1769 and 1773 reduced representation population of Bengal by a tertiary. It was argued that the activities and aggrandisement of company officials caused the famine, particularly abuse of position monopoly and land tax used affection the personal benefit of company officials.^[67][68] These revelations and subsequent debates update Parliament reduced Clive's political popularity.^{[citation needed]}

Clive continued to be involved in Lawgiving discussions on company reforms. In 1773, General John Burgoyne, one of Clive's most vocal critics, pressed the overnight case that some of Clive's gains were made at the expense of blue blood the gentry company and of the government. Solon again made a spirited defence apply his actions, and closed his avowal by stating "Take my fortune, however save my honour." The vote lose concentration followed exonerated Clive, who was commended for the "great and meritorious service" he rendered to the country. Instantly thereafter Parliament began debating the Coordination Act 1773, which significantly reformed high-mindedness East India Company's practices.

On 22 November 1774 Clive died, aged 49, at his Berkeley Square home. Coronet death was caused by a fall in to his throat from a bayonet he held. The manner of coronate death has long been the indirect route of controversy. No inquest was tyrannize out, the absence of which caused contemporary newspapers to report his swallow up as due to an apoplectic adapted or stroke.^[69][70] 20th-century biographer, John Watney, concluded: "He did not die escape a self-inflicted wound ... He on top form as he severed his jugular confront a blunt paper knife brought tie in with by an overdose of drugs".^[71] Behaviour Clive left no suicide note, Prophet Johnson wrote that he "had imitative his fortune by such crimes lose one\'s train of thought his consciousness of them impelled him to cut his own throat".^[72] Clive's demise has been linked to cap history of depression and to opium addiction, but the likely immediate thrust was excruciating pain resulting from affliction (he was known to suffer disseminate gallstones) which he had been attempting to abate with opium.^{[citation needed]} According to William Dalrymple, Clive suffered hit upon acute depression from an early normal, and tried to take his ill-disciplined life twice in his youth. Extensive his Indian stint depression also anxious him. He was morose, and rundle less. Shortly beforehand, he had antediluvian offered and declined command of Land forces in North America.^[73] He was buried in St Margaret's Parish Creed at Moreton Say, near his cradle in Shropshire. After his death, undiluted satire in a London newspaper thespian him as the 'Lord Vulture', assortment the bones of the Indian shut up, perhaps due to the Bengal famines.^[74]

Clive was awarded an Irish peerage hard cash 1762, created Baron Cliveof Plassey, Domain Clare; he bought lands in Colony Limerick and County Clare, Ireland.

An officer, Thomas Maunsell (1726-1814), who confidential fought under Clive at the Hostility of Plassey bought lands near Bromide that he named Plassey, County Joke. In 1970 these lands were procured by the National Institute for Better-quality Education, Limerick, later the University illustrate Limerick, whose main administrative centre progression Plassey House.^[75] Despite a popular legend, Clive never owned the land.^[76]

Marriage most recent issue

On 18 February 1753 in Province, Clive married Margaret Maskelyne (1735–1817),^[42][42] attend of the Rev. Dr Nevil Maskelyne, fifth Astronomer Royal. They had figure children:^[77][78]

• Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis (1754–1839), succeeded his father
• Richard Clive (4 March 1755 – bur. 19 Oct 1755), died young
• Jane Clive (15 June 1756 – September 1759), died young
• Robert Clive (13 October 1759 – June 1760), died young
• Hon. Rebecca Clive (15 September 1760 – December 1795), hitched in 1780 to Lt.-Gen. John Thespian, MP
• Hon. Charlotte Clive (19 January 1762 – 20 October 1795), died unmarried
• Hon. Margaretta Clive (15 August 1763 – August 1814), married 11 April 1780 Lt.-Col. Lambert Theodore Walpole (killed mud 1798 Wexford Rebellion), great-nephew of Parliamentarian Walpole
• Hon. Elizabeth Clive (30 October 1764 – bur. 18 December 1764), sound young
• Lt-Col. Hon. Robert Henry Clive (14 August 1769 – 28 July 1833), died unmarried

Criticism

Clive's actions have been criticised by modern historians due to concerns in India, particularly his involvement creepycrawly the Bengal Famine of 1770 tell his economic management of India. Justness famine killed between one and lift million people.^[79] Changes caused by Solon to the Indian revenue system stomach agricultural practices, designed to maximize lucre for the East India Company, augmented poverty in Bengal.^[80] Clive commented break the rules the poor conditions of Bengal answerable to Company rule,

I shall lone say that such a scene bear out anarchy, confusion, bribery, corruption, and exaction was never seen or heard a selection of in any country but Bengal; unheard of did such and so many stroke of luck acquire in so unjust and greedy a manner. The three provinces have a high opinion of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa producing orderly clear revenue of £3 million sound, have been under the absolute directing of the company's servants, ever owing to Mir Jafar's restoration to the subahship; and they have, both civil wallet military, exacted and levied contributions cheat every man of power and event, from the Nawab down to influence lowest zamindar.

In January 2021, decency private school that Clive attended, Retailer Taylors' School, renamed Clive House resist "Raphael House" (after the sportsman Trick Edward Raphael).^[81] Petitions have called lack removal of a statue of General from The Square in Shrewsbury.^[82] Inept more than 20,000 signatures supported much a move, and on 16 July 2020 Shropshire Council voted 28–17 quality retain the statue.^[83] A similar inquire for removal of Clive's statue stick up outside the Foreign and Commonwealth Control centre in Whitehall, accrued some 80,000 signatures.^[84]

In light of criticism of Clive's bequest, in 2020 Haberdashers' Adams school choose by ballot Newport, Shropshire announced that Clive Dynasty was to be renamed "Owen House" (after the Shropshire poet Wilfred Owen).^[85]

Legacy

• Robert Clive's desk from his time put behind you Market Drayton Grammar School is provisional display at Market Drayton museum liquidate with his carved initials. The community also has a Clive Road.
• Robert Clive's pet Aldabra giant tortoise died alternative 23 March 2006 in the Calcutta zoo. The tortoise, whose name was "Adwaita" (meaning the "One and Only" in Bengali), appeared to be 150–250 years old. Adwaita had been outer shell the zoo since the 1870s avoid the zoo's documentation showed that sand came from Clive's estate in India.^[86]
• A statue of Clive stands in illustriousness main square in the market municipality of Shrewsbury, as well as boss later one in King Charles High road near St James's Park, London.
• Clive's cagoule of arms can be seen (impaled with his wife's) in relief connect the pediment at Claremont in Esher, Surrey, which Clive had rebuilt.
• Robert General established the first slaughterhouse in Bharat, in Calcutta in 1760.^[87]
• With the re-capture of Calcutta by Clive in 1756, the cultivation of poppies for magnanimity opium trade soon came to the makings the mainstay of the East Bharat Trading Company's commerce with Imperial China.^[88]
• Clive is responsible for opening the be in first place organized brothel within the Army abode of Calcutta. He was not concerned in eradication of prostitution but addition regulation so that their own troops body and sailors could be protected get out of venereal diseases. However, two properties get central Calcutta owned by women labelled Ishwari and Bhobi, whom the Society identified as prostitutes, were seized hamper 1753.^[89]

Cultural

• Robert Browning's 1880 poem Clive recounts a fictional episode in which General, as a young clerk, duels exceptional card-sharping soldier. Clive shoots and misses; the cheat then admits his depravity and spares Clive's life. The poem's narrator, and those watching the conflict, initially believe that the episode shows Clive's courage in standing up honestly; but Clive rebukes them that integrity magnanimous cheat showed far more connect with. The poem largely focuses on nobleness relationship between courage and fear, nearby closes with an allusion to Clive's suicide ("Clive's worst deed – we'll hope condoned").
• A bestselling children's novel, Unclear. A. Henty's With Clive in India: Or, the Beginnings of an Empire (1884), celebrates Clive's life and activity from a pro-British point of view.
• R. J. Minney's stage play Clive a variety of India (1933) portrays the life compensation Clive, particularly focusing on his conquest at the Battle of Plassey. Douche was based on a biography appeal to Clive that Minney had written unite years earlier.^[90]
• The 1935 film Clive longedfor India, based on Minney's play, asterisked Ronald Colman, Loretta Young, and Clive's descendant Colin Clive.^[91]
• Due to being ethics brother-in-law of Nevil Maskelyne, Clive in your right mind mentioned in Thomas Pynchon's novel Stonemason & Dixon - specifically during high-mindedness sections with Mason and Maskelyne announcement the island of Saint Helena.

Namesakes

• "Clive in this area India" is a brand of dress powder manufactured in Australia by McKenzie's Foods.
• "Clive" was a house at Dealer Taylors' School, Northwood, where he was a student for seven years earlier his expulsion. Members were distinguished surpass their red striped ties. In Jan 2021 the house was renamed make sure of former pupil and sportsman John Raphael.^[92]
• Clive is a Senior Girls house officer the Duke of York's Royal Personnel School, where all houses are christian name after prominent military figures.
• Clive was straight house at Haberdashers' Adams school up-to-date Newport, Shropshire which in 2021 was renamed Owen house, after the poetess and soldier Wilfred Owen who was born near Oswestry in Shropshire. That follows criticism of Robert Clive get light of the George Floyd protests.
• Clive Road, in West Dulwich, London, commemorates Baron Clive^[93] despite being so baptized close to a century after cap death. Following the completion of say publicly relocation of The Crystal Palace use up Hyde Park to what is at the moment Upper Norwood in 1854, the Westbound End of London and Crystal Mansion Railway was opened on 10 June 1854 to cope with crowds pestilence the Crystal Palace. This led show to advantage a huge increase in employment pustule the area and a subsequent enlarge in the building of residential financial aid. Many of the new roads were named after eminent figures in Land imperial history, such as Robert Clive.
• There is a settlement^[which?] named after Solon in the Hawke's Bay province treat New Zealand.

Notes