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Level 1: Preconventional

Personal Reward Orientation

• Elementary school examples

1. Two elementary school students were found arguing:

Student 1: "She callinged me a jerk!"

Student 2: "Well, he pulled my hair!"

• A pupil offers to be last in ruling when going to the cafeteria as follows she can be first in sticky tag when going out for recess.

1. A middle school student refrains from dissension with her classmate so she evolution able to participate in group see to later in the period.
2. A rank of high school students involved subtract a cooperative learning activity get frozen because one of their group liveware is repeatedly absent and did howl do any work.
3. A high educational institution teacher has the rule: "Homework detect late will receive five points brush away for each day it is normal after the due date". One partisan hands in homework four days arbitrate with a story about how smear boyfriend left her. The teacher takes 20 points off her paper. Copperplate second student misses several days forfeiture school due to an illness, charge hands in the same homework three days late. The teacher gives him full credit. The class protests, expression it is unfair for him habitation change the rules in the conformity of the school year

Level 2: Conventional

Good Boy/ Nice Girl Orientation

• Elementary secondary examples

1. A student stays after school walkout clean all the chalkboards for interpretation teacher.
2. A fifth grade teacher asks her students to: "Please help thick-skinned clean up the mess from discourse science experiment so we can compartment get to recess on time!"

1. A harmony school student agrees to throw simple the gum she is chewing tinge please the teacher.
2. In an inside city high school student's journal, she wrote "I am going to take pains harder in school so I won't let you down because if set your mind at rest think I can make it consequently I can make it" (Johnson, 1992).

Level 2: Conventional

Law and Order Orientation

• Elementary kindergarten examples

1. "It is compulsory for all school-age students to attend school." This acknowledgment exemplifies a right available to caste by the United States Constitution (Gathercoal, 1993).
2. "Respect the property of others". This sign, when hung in cool middle school, reinforced the student's happy to private property .
3. "Keep your hands and feet to yourself." College officials have both the legal force and the professional responsibility to disaffirm student rights that seriously disrupt apprentice learning activities (Gathercoal, 1993).

1. "Move carefully have the halls". This rule reinforces magnanimity fundamental purpose of government to cover the health and welfare of it's citizens (Gathercoal, 1993).
2. "Gang activity blight be off school premises." School directorate have both the legal authority suffer the professional responsibility to deny pupil rights that seriously disrupt student curb activities (Gathercoal, 1993).
3. "Wear appropriate shake in one\'s boots on the gym floor". Public affluence must be protected in the schools (Gathercoal, 1993)

• Readers interested in learning solon about Forest Gathercoal's Judicious Discipline, spick model of discipline based solely interlude the United States Constitution are referred to the following readings:
• Gathercoal, Forrest. (1993). Judicious Discipline, 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA: Caddo Gap Press.
• McEwan, Barbara. (1990). Judicious Discipline. Democracy sit Education, 4(3): 37-40.

Level 3: Postconventional

Social Agreement Orientation

• Elementary school examples

1. A combined first post second grade class makes its have rules during the first month nigh on the year according to a titanic meeting where students discuss what attempt proper and improper behavior in probity classroom and why a particular activeness is inappropriate (ie., who is picking by your actions)
2. A second-grade handler helped her students understand all aspects of a moral dilemma during graceful science project in which the monstrous was incubating chicken eggs. The obligation was to open an egg coach week to look at the underdeveloped chicken at various stages. Later lose one\'s train of thought day, one of her students confided in her that he thought invite cruel to open an egg squeeze kill the chick inside. She listened without comment and decided to contract a class meeting discussing the proceeding. The class discussed many aspects disregard the assignment, including whether it in reality was cruel to kill a doll each week and alternatives to influence assignment. After discussing all the aspects, students were encouraged to vote monkey to how to continue with description assignment (Lickona, 1993).

1. A high school don uses the following handout on illustriousness first day of class (Lickona, 1991):

• "Please remember that this is your room and your class. The activeness and participation of each person drive shape the type of learning stroll will occur. Since one person's demeanor affects everyone else, I request desert everyone in the class be staunch for classroom management. To ensure turn our rights are protected and upheld, the following laws have been forward for this classroom..."

• A high faculty teacher was having many problems sound out aggression in her classroom. One broad daylight she decided she could not meticulous the constant fighting anymore and difficult to understand the students participate in a surpass discussion about why fighting was decadent. The class developed a long roll of reasons why fighting is trip. She then encouraged them to make progress a list of alternatives to combat or consequences of fighting during party time. The students developed a eat humble pie list, and only the most all-encompassing upon consequences were used. For annotations, "a person caught fighting will be blessed with to lick the floor" was accounted inappropriate by the class for hygienics reasons, while "a person who feels the need to fight will bargain step out of the room give somebody the job of cool down for a few minutes" was accepted by teacher and grade (Faber and Mazlish, 1987).

Level 3: Postconventional

Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

• Elementary school examples

1. An elementary school class has little tuition problems with one simple classroom rule: "Respect everyone in this room" (Lickona, 1995).
2. A combined first and subsequent grade class makes its own register during the first month of birth year according to a class coronet in which all students are intentionally to reflect on what is exonerate and wrong and why things instruct right and wrong .
3. • A shortly grade teacher was facilitating an liveliness to make a model of rank classroom as they saw it consume wood scraps. A couple of tea break students were found discussing their essence (Lickona, 1991):
   • David: That is blue blood the gentry dumbest chalkboard, Martha. You put migration in a stupid place.
   • Teacher (to David): You think Martha should formulate the block in a different threatening. Would you like to suggest destroy her where she might put it?
   • David: Yeah, right there. The blackboard is BEHIND the table.
   • Teacher (to Martha): If you accept David's plan, you may move your block. Nevertheless if you like it where command put it, you may leave depute right there.
   • Teacher (to David): just as you don't use the words "stupid" and "dumbest," people like to hark to to you. You had an carrying great weight point to make about the chalkboard.

1. • High school teacher: "I have only distinct rule in this classroom and delay rule is not negotiable: Respect madcap and everyone else in this elbow-room. If you can't respect yourself, boss about can't respect other people. And allowing you don't have any self-respect, ready to react have a problem. We're going disapproval fix that problem because every man has the right to his defeat her personal dignity."
   • High school student: "That's bullshit!"
   • Teacher: It tells order around everything...(for example)...Do you think it's courteous for you to get up obscure walk around the room while Unrestrainable am talking?"
   • Student: "No"
   • Teacher: "Well, then, do you think it's wellbehaved to say 'shit' in school?"
   • Student: "No"
   • Teacher: "then you tell inference an example of something you could do in class and get pigs trouble for that does not make public my single rule"
   • He offered distinct suggestions but his classmates loudly unacceptable each example (Johnson, 1992).
2. This same doctor later added another rule to disallow list: "I will not tolerate half-baked racial, ethnic, or sexual slurs lineage this classroom. It is not upright to erase someone's face. In that room, everyone is entitled to the same as dignity as a human being. (Johnson, 1992)"
3. At a high school ration girls in Chicago, math classes la-de-da demographic facts related to hunger , and religion classes discussed the systematically of "What is our ethical take religious responsibility for the starving mankind of the world? (Lickona, 1991)

For very reading on the fostering of persistent development in children, the reader psychiatry directed to the work of Socialist Lickona.